Quality of Life Essay Example for Free

Quality of Life EssayTwenty first century is witnessing a world that has become an increasingly various(a) and composite place. changing global trends are causing a paradigm transformation of social and cultural systems. Western societies are experiencing an accelerated aging and hatful in habitual have evolved a misconception about todays elderly. They are perceived as being sick, isolated, self-centred and a burden on society, which is totally false. at that place is a film to develop social cohesion between generations and within the older generation to understand the matter in correct perspective. An effort has been do in this paper to focus on this key issue and sidle up the importance of inter and intr seasonnerational relationships to caliber of lifetime to older people. The present demographic compose of the United Kingdom reflects a number of consistent and marked trends. People are living increasingly long-term, the birth rate is showing a unfluctuating de cline and the mean period is increasing steadily. By 2031, the over 80s existence is predicted to double to 5 million, according to the Office of National Statistics.If the health of the elderly population follows current trends that will mean people spend more of their lives fighting various illnesses. Since 1981, the amount of time women can expect to live in pitiable health has increased by 15%. For men, the length of measly health rose by 34% (Triggle, 2004). Besides health, older people face the mobility problems, poor transport and lack of finance. Car usage declines with age and varies by sex. 77 per cent of men and 64 per cent of women aged 65-74 in 2001 in enceinte Britain had access to automobiles (National Statistics, 2006). Today, we can observe a significant change in family structures.The realignment of family ethos has caused varying degrees of separation between the young and old members of families and affected familial relationships negatively. As people age a nd their motioning lives end, they may have more free time available to spend in a social circle. Barriers of older life further enhance the necessity to promote inter and intragenerational relationships. This paper scrutinizes the various dimensions of quality of life at old age. It overviews the factors affecting quality of life and highlight the significance of relationships at old age.Comp starnts of Quality of LifeQuality of life is a wide ranging boundary. The Department for Work and Pensions of UK (2006) identifies five domains as the most relevant to assessing progress in older peoples quality of life 1) Independence within inclusive communities. 2) Healthy, active living. 3) Fairness in work and later(prenominal) life. 4) Material salubrious-being. 5) Support and care. Independence within inclusive communities necessitates to address issues like exercising independence, exercising choices that give them control over key aspects of their lives, and participation in local community through inter and intragenerational relationships.Health and active living deals with problems like access to healthcare proportionate to older peoples needs. Fairness in work and later life encompasses factors like job opportunities, involvement in decisions that affect their lives, and no age discrimination in access to goods, services and employment. Material wellbeing includes sustaining key elements of their previous lifestyle, and using their resources to best effect. Support and care encompasses the supply of care and support, availability of support in a variety of forms to meet diverse needs, affordable care, and protection to older people from abuse.Factors Affecting Quality of Life of Older People Good quality of life in old age is a realistic ambition for all. Early old age, sometimes called the Third Age, between 55 and 75 years old, is the phase of life between leaving the labour market and the onset of physical dependency. There are a number of factors th at affect quality of life at this age. A research have carried out by Dr Blane (2003) concluded that quality of life for the affluent-healthy is higher(prenominal) than for the deprived-sick.Having control over when and when not to work has a significant bearing on quality of life. Then the quality and density of a persons social network was more important than the number of people in the network. Importance of Intergenerational and Intragenerational Relationships to Quality of Life The term generation has a numerous contemporary meanings, incorporating biological, familial and social factors (Back, 1987). An intergenerational perspective (between and across generations) highlights the reciprocal obligations, rights and influences between different generations.An intragenerational perspective identifies similar age groups and the successiveness of individuals who are distinguished by the bounds of a society and set apart by time and common experience (Fredriksen, 1993). Historical ly, within the UK, there had been a strong tradition of the young learning from the old in their role as respected elders or through structures such as apprenticeship schemes and trade guilds (Hatton, 2002). implication of intergenerational relationships is unadorned from a survey which reports that to the elderly, welfare of children and grandchildren is twice as more important than their own health and money (Roy, 1999).Older parents have always been providing monetary support in the forms of donations, gifts and regular monetary contributions to their children. They are also important sources of instrumental support (shopping, cleaning, home maintenance, childcare) and emotional support (advice, validation) for their children (Bengtson, Rosenthal Burton, 1990). Many elderly people continue to provide support for adult children and the provision of a home for ones children can extend well beyond middle age (Evandrou, Falkingham, Rake Scott, 2001). Living arrangements are a ke y dimension of quality of life and well-being in old age.Older people living totally are more likely to enter an institution than those living with other people (Breeze, Slogett Fletcher, 1999). Involvement of older persons in local communities contributes to their quality of life, as well as to the functioning of the community. The relationship between different groups of older persons is therefore very crucial in maintaining the quality of life (UN-Economic and Social Council, 2002). Altered patterns of death rate and fertility have made intergenerational structures in the family more top heavy and vertically extended.While horizontal, intragenerational ties are shrinking, vertical ties across generations are more complex and durable than ever before in history (UN-Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2005). Importance of social groups and networks in later part of life is quite evident from a research con carried out in Scotland (Philip, Gilbert, Mauthner and Phimister, 2003). The participant observations and questionnaires have provided useful insights into the levels and types of participation in social groups among older people in the study area.The report finds that there is high level of participation and involvement in social groups amongst older people (aged over 60). As a whole, respondents attended 68 wide-ranging types of groups including civic participation (e. g. local government), voluntary activities (e. g. Red Cross Meals on Wheels), friendship, social, leisure, religious, cultural, heritage and special interest groups. Those aged in their seventies and earlyish eighties were the most likely to be involved in social activitiesAnother study summarises that older people preferred the company of others, had a higher level of contact with friends and lower levels of psychological problems (McKee, 2002). In 2002 around three in ten men aged 80 and over and nearly one in five women in England said they owned a mobile phone. Use of mobile phones and the Internet helps older people to remain independent by making it easier for them to communicate with their family and friends or to access public and commercial services (National Statistics, 2006). Conclusion Society in the UK is changing. More people are living longer in greater prosperity.In the next decade, the numbers over 50, over 65 and over 80 will all increase to levels never seen before. We need a coherent strategy to manage that demographic change. Elaborate and diligent plans are required to enable older persons to continue to participate fully in all aspects of life. For a better quality of life, we need to promote the development of a society for all ages through the strengthening of intergenerational and intragenerational solidarity. Young generations have responsibilities and a special role in building a society for all ages. Older generations have equal role to play.

And the Oscar Goes to... Essay Example for Free

And the Oscar Goes to EssayAND THE OSCAR GOES TOInceptionThrilling and intense written and directed by the masterful Christopher Nolan, Inception is an extremely exciting science-fiction thriller thats reflect to win an Oscar at the next exhibits ceremony. Inception is definitely the best choose that Nolan has ever do and he has made a lot of hits It is a normal entertainment with a knockout punch so intense and unnerving itll have you worrying if its safe to close your eyes at night. Christopher Nolans incredible blockbuster inception, having approximately $160 million spent on it in the most daring way is a major challenge for the other academy award contenders. Inception has an exciting cast consisting of Leonardo Dicaprio, Tom Hardy, Joseph George-Levitt and six other capable Oscar nominated actors, making it one of the best movies of all time. It is one film that the audiences all around the world are definitely dying to see, as the last movie Nolan made was The dark n ight, one of the most watched and most like films, they without doubt are longing to see what magic Nolan had worked on the big screen this time. The plot of the film notify at times be actually misleading, the story can be difficult to pin down, especially at first, and guessing time to time what testament be happening next, or horizontal if the characters are dreaming or in reality, is not always possible. But this is what makes it an award winning film. Despite being difficult to understand one can guess and try to figure out what is happening, making the movie even more gripping and indulging as the audience makes further attempts to get through to the roots of the plot.Inception consists of several sounds and eerie surroundings to add to the thrill making the experience a whole lot more engaging , change magnitude the chances of it winning the Oscar. Not only this but the action in it is phenomenal. The way Nolan directed the action scenes in the movie and put them toget her makes it almost vitamin C% that Inception should and will be the Oscar champ. The use of Oscar-winning French actress Marion Cotillard as Mal and of Ariadne , a young architect, who is needed to create the subconscious landscapes in which the dreams will take place, as well as Ellen Page, adroitly cast for her youth, intelligence and earnestness, typifies the thought Nolan has taken to cast these thriller roles for emotional connection. A move which pays off in the scenes she shares with DiCaprio, winning everyplace the audiences heart and attention.In addition to the impeccably professional Batmanveterans Caine and Murphy, the film is also on the money and has increased chances with the smaller roles, including Pete Postlethwaite as Fischers father and Tom Berenger as one of his key associates. Nolan is a master in keeping his audience engaged and making them think. Although, he has based the film in people dreams and has made the action take place while the actors are asleep , still making it almost impossible for the viewers to blink whilst watching the movie without regretting later. It is virtually guaranteed that this will be an award winning movie. Overall, Inception is a absolute gripping movie which knows no limits to supernatural behaviour and the perfect blend of creativity, emotions and theme successfully come together to making it a must watch movie and a certain Oscar winner. this is basically how my controlled assessment is ive changed some bits though

Fundamental Types Of Distortion Engineering Essay

primordial Types Of Distortion Engineering EssayThe high localised screw uping required in dyers rocketing joint edges scram non-uniform stresses in the function and lead to expansion and contraction of the pepperinessed clobber. Initially, compressive stresses atomic number 18 created in the surround cold parent metal when the weld pool is form due to the thermic expansion of the hot metal ( high temperature affected z angiotensin-converting enzyme) adjacent to the weld pool. However, tensile stresses occur on cooling when the contraction of the weld metal and the immediate heat affected zone is resisted by the great deal of the cold parent metal.The magnitude of thermal stresses induced into the material can be seen by the volume mixture in the weld bowl on solidification and subsequent cooling to room temperature. For example, when welding CMn steel, the molten weld metal volume result be cut by approximately 3% on solidification and the volume of the solidified weld metal/heat affected zone (HAZ) will be reduced by a further 7% as its temperature falls from the melting point of steel to room temperature.If the stresses generated from thermal expansion/contraction take place the yield strength of the parent metal, localised plastic deformation of the metal occurs. Plastic deformation causes a permanent reduction in the component dimensions and distorts the structure.Fundamental Types of DistortionThree fundamental dimensional changes that occur during the welding process cause distortion in fabricated structures1. Transverse shoplifting perpendicular to the weld line2. Longitudinal shrinkage parallel to the weld line3. Angular distortion (rotation about the weld line)These dimensional changes are shown in 1 and are classified by their appearance as follows(a) Transverse shrinkage. shrinking perpendicular to the weld line(b) Angular change (cross(prenominal) distortion). A non-uniform thermal distribution in the thickness direction causes dist ortion (angular change) close to the weld line.(c) Rotational distortion. Angular distortion in the plane of the shield due to thermal expansion.(d) Longitudinal shrinkage. shoplifting in the direction of the weld line.(e) Longitudinal digression distortion. Distortion in a plane through the weld line and perpendicular to the plate.(f) Buckling distortion. Thermal compressive stresses cause instability when plates are thin.Figure Various types of weld distortionContraction of the weld area on cooling results in both transverse and largeitudinal shrinkage.Non-uniform contraction (through thickness) green groceriess angular distortion in addition to longitudinal and transverse shrinkage.For example, in a star V butt weld, the first weld onslaught produces longitudinal and transverse shrinkage and rotation. The second run causes the plates to rotate using the first weld beat as a fulcrum. Hence, balanced welding in a double side of meat V butt joint can be apply to produce uni form contraction and prevent angular distortion.Similarly, in a single side lemniscus weld, non-uniform contraction produces angular distortion of the upstanding leg. Double side fillet welds can therefore be used to control distortion in the upstanding fillet but because the weld is only deposited on one side of the base plate, angular distortion will now be produced in the plate.Longitudinal bowing in welded plates happens when the weld centre is non coincident with the neutral axis of the section so that longitudinal shrinkage in the welds bends the section into a curved shape. Clad plate tends to bow in two directions due to longitudinal and transverse shrinkage of the cladding this produces a dished shape. Dishing is also produced in stiffened plating. Plates usually dish inwards between the stiffeners, because of angular distortion at the stiffener attachment welds.In plating, long range compressive stresses can cause elastic buckling in thin plates, resulting in dishing, bo wing or rippling.Distortion due to elastic buckling is unstable if you attempt to drop down a buckled plate, it will probably snap through and dish out in the opposite direction.Twisting in a box section is caused by trim deformation at the corner joints. This is caused by unequal longitudinal thermal expansion of the abutting edges. Increasing the number of tack welds to prevent shear deformation often reduces the meter of twisting.Angular Distortion(Hirai and Nakamura 1955) conducted an investigation to determine the values of the angular change in a free joint and the coefficient of rigidity for angular changes under various conditions. 2shows the values of angular change as a function of plate thickness, t (mm), and weight of electrode consumed per weld distance, w (g/cm). In order to convert from w to the size of the fillet weld, Df (mm), the following formula may be usedWhere ? = density of weld metal,?d = deposition efficiency.The fillet size, Df, is commonly used in des ign work, while w is easy to determine in a welding experiment.Figure Angular change of a free fillet weld in steelThe results shown in 2 were obtained using covered electrodes 5mm in diameter. The maximum angular changes were obtained when the plate thickness was around 9mm. Then the plate was thinner, the amount of angular change was reduced with the plate thickness. This is because the plate was heated more evenly in the thickness direction, thus diminution the bending moment. When the plate was thicker than 9mm, the amount of angular change was reduced as the plate thickness increased because of increased rigidity.Previous two dimensional investigations (Duffy 1970 scramble 1972) of out-of-plane distortion of welded panel structures have shown that distortion increases with span length, and size of fillet weld. The investigations also indicated that there is a peak in distortion around 10mm plate thickness with lower distortion for thicknesses of 6mm and 14mm.Buckling Distort ionWhen thin plates are welded, proportion compressive stresses occur in areas away from the weld and cause buckling. Buckling distortion occurs when the specimen length authorises the critical length for a given thickness in a given specimen size. It is important to determine whether distortion is caused by buckling of bending. Buckling distortion differs from bending distortion in that1. There is more than one stable deformed shape2. The amount of deformation in buckling distortion is much greaterSince the amount of buckling distortion is large, the best way to avoid it is to properly select such morphologic parameters as plate thickness, stiffener spacing and welding parameters.Extensive experimental and analytic investigations described in (Masubuchi 1970) conducted at Kawasaki heavy Industry clearly indicate the existence of a critical buckling heat input for given conditions.The critical buckling heat input decreases as plate thickness decreases and free span increases.For a given panel size the critical values for the heat input, are not affected by plate thickness.The critical heat input for buckling is little affected by the difference in welding process.Longitudinal and Transverse ShrinkageTwisting Contraction of the weld area on cooling results in both transverse and longitudinal shrinkage, whereas non-uniform contraction (through thickness) produces angular distortion. For example, in a single V butt weld, the first weld run produces longitudinal and transverse shrinkage and rotation. The second run causes the plates to rotate using the first weld deposit as a fulcrum. Hence, balanced welding in a double side V butt joint can be used to produce uniform contraction and prevent angular distortion. Similarly, in a single side fillet weld, non-uniform contraction produces angular distortion of the upstanding leg. Double side fillet welds can therefore be used to control distortion in the upstanding fillet but because the weld is only deposited on o ne side of the base plate, angular distortion will now be produced in the plate. equalizer StressThe temperature distribution in the weldment is not uniform as a result of local heating (by most welding processes), and changes that take place as welding progresses. Heat-affected zones of the weldment and the base metal immediately adjacent to the welded area are at a temperature substantially above that of the unaffected base metal. Compressive stresses are created in the surrounding cold parent metal, when the weld pool is formed due to the thermal expansion of the hot metal (heat affected zone) adjacent to the weld pool. As the molten pool solidifies and shrinks, it begins to exert shrinkage stresses on the surrounding weld metal and heat-affected zone. However, tensile stresses occur on cooling when the contraction of the weld metal and the immediate heat affected zone is resisted by the bulk of the cold parent metal. remnant stresses in weldments have following two major tacks First, they produce distortion. Distortion is caused when the heated weld region contracts non-uniformly, cause shrinkage in one part of the weld to exert eccentric forces on the weld cross-section. The weldment strains elastically in response to these stresses. The distortion may appear in butt joints both as longitudinal and transverse shrinkage and as angular change (rotation) when the face of the weld shrinks more than the root. The latter change produces transverse bending in the plates along the weld length. Distortion in fillet welds is similar to that in butt welds. Transverse and longitudinal shrinkage as well(p) as angular distortion results from the unbalanced nature of the stresses in these welds. Since fillet welds are often used in combination with other(a) welds in a weldment, the specific resulting distortion may be complex.Secondly, residual stresses may be the cause of premature failure in weldments. If the stresses generated from thermal expansion/contraction e xceed the yield strength of the parent metal, localised plastic deformation of the metal occurs. Plastic deformation causes a permanent reduction in the component dimensions and distorts the structure.Residual stressesThe residual stresses in a component or structure are stresses caused by incompatible internal permanent strains. They may be generated or change at every stage in the component life cycle, from original material production to final disposal. Welding is one of the most significant causes of residual stresses and typically produces large tensile stresses whose maximum value is approximately equal to the yield strength of the materials being joined, balanced by lower compressive residual stresses elsewhere in the component.Tensile residual stresses may reduce the performance or cause failure of manufactured products. They may increase the rate of damage by fatigue, creep or environmental degradation. They may reduce the load capacity by contributing to failure by brittl e fracture, or cause other forms of damage such as shape change or crazing. Compressive residual stresses are generally beneficial, but cause a decrease in the buckling load.Residual stresses may be measured by non-destructive techniques, including X-ray diffraction, neutron diffraction and optic magnetic and ultrasonic methods by locally destructive techniques, including hole drilling and the ring result and deep hole methods and by sectioning methods including block removal, splitting, slicing, layering and the contour method. The selection of the optimum measurement technique should take account of volumetric resolution, material, geometry and access.Prediction of residual stresses by numerical modelling of welding and other manufacturing processes has increased rapidly in recent years. Modelling of welding is technically and computationally demanding, and simplification and idealisation of the material behaviour, process parameters and geometry is inevitable. Numerical modellin g is a powerful tool for residual stress prediction, but validation with reference to experimental results is essential.Allowing for residual stresses in the sagaciousness of service performance varies according to the failure mechanism. It is not usually necessary to take account of residual stresses in calculations of the static strength of ductile materials. use procedures for fatigue or buckling of welded structures usually make appropriate allowances for weld-induced residual stresses, and hence it is not necessary to include them explicitly. Residual stresses have a major effect on fracture in the brittle and transitional regimes, and hence the stress intensity, K, or energy release rate, J, due to residual stresses must be careful and included in the fracture assessment. K or J may be obtained as a function of stress distribution, crack size and geometry by various methods, including handbook solutions, weight functions, and finite element analysis.Residual stresses in as- welded structures may be minimised by appropriate selection of materials, welding process and parameters, structural geometry and fabrication sequence. Residual stresses may be reduced by various special welding techniques including low stress non-distortion welding (LSND), last pass heat sink welding (LPHSW) or inter-run peening. They may be relaxed by thermal processes including postweld heat treatment and creep in service, or by mechanical processes including inference testing and vibratory stress relief. Different stress relief treatments are appropriate in different applications. The effectiveness of the treatment may be reduced or the residual stresses may be increased if the treatment is not applied properly. Specialised processes are available for inducing beneficial compressive residual stresses, including peening, pushover blasting, induction heating stress improvement (IHSI), low plasticity burnishing (LPB) and mechanical stress improvement procedures (MSIP).

Comparison Between Wimax And HSDPA

Comparison Between Wimax And HSDPAABSTRACTThe future of wireless net imparts lies in the coexistence of multiple plan of attack network technologies. This paper deals with two entropy oriented access networks, the worldwide interoper capacity for microwave access (WiMAX) and the high speed downlink packet access (HSDPA). HSDPA and Mobile WiMAX are two different high speed mobile technologies with distinctive backgrounds. WiMAX is based on OFDM as HSDPA is based on CDMA.INTRODUCTIONThe prey of this paper is to provide a techno-economic comparison of two wireless broadband technologies, Mobile WiMAX and HSDPA. The comparison is divided into two parts. The first part is a world(a) overview and comparison of the two technology standards. The second part describes the different releases of WiMAX and HSDPA and the market opportunities.What is WiMAX?WiMAX is the new term for IEEE 802.16 STANDARD. It is based on the wireless MAN technology. It is a communion technology that works with the radio spectrum to transmit tens of MB/sec in bandwidth between different devices likelaptops. The two stimulating forces of present internet are the wireless and the broadband. The WiMAX standard joins the two high speed broadband internet access over a single wireless connection. As WiMAX outhouse be used for long distance purposes it is a very effective way to solve the last mile problem. WiMAX would operate similar to a Wi-Fi but at higher speeds, large distance and for more number of users. WiMAX has the capability to provide service in areas which are difficult for wired infrastructure to reach and has the ability to overcome the limitations of the traditional wired infrastructure. It will provide wireless broadband access to the buildings, either to existing wired networks or in the rural areas. It force out also be connected to the WLAN hotspots to the internet.Some of the characteristics of Mobile WiMAX areScalability Mobile WiMAX has been framed in such a way that it is able to work in different channel BWs ranging from 1.25 to 20 MHz.High Data Rates when Maximum Input Maximum Output (MIMO) 2*2 is used and DL UL is in the ratio of 10 and 01 respectively, in a 10 MHz channel high data rates can theoretically support peak download data rates up to 63Mb/s per sector and peak upload data rates up to 28 Mb/s per sector.Mobility Seamless handoff which is less than 50ms latency and Quality of Service (QoS) QoS measures for WiMAX include availability of service, throughput of data, jitter and the rate of error.WHAT IS HSDPA?High speed Downlink packet access (HSDPA) is a packet based data service feature of the WCDMA standard. In the WCDMA downlink, the data transmission is up to 8-10 Megabits/sec over a bandwidth of 5MHZ. It is sometimes referred to as a 3.5G technology. HSDPA is an advancement of the WCDMA standard which is created to increase the data rate by a factor of 5 or more. HSDPA improves on W-CDMA byusing different techniques for intonationa nd coding. It defines a new WCDMA called high-speed downlink shared channel (HS-DSCH). That channel performs contrastingly from other channels and helps to fasten the downlink speeds. HS-DSCH is used only for the downlink communication of the mobile. That means that data issent from the source to the phone. It isntpossible to send data from the phone to asource using HSDPA. The channel is sharedbetween all users which lets the radiosignals to be used most effectively for thefastest downloads.MultimediaFrom the technical point of view the choice between voice communications in VoIP/WiMAX or WCDMA/HSDPA is a matter of taste. But not in economic terms WCDMA traffic is much costlier than VoIP traffic. For transmitting multimedia data both technologies have practically the uniform capacities. Both WiMAX and HSDPA have traffic prioritizing and Quality of Service.SecurityThe security service in a WiMAX is used by an operator to gain benefits from this service as there is always a chance of theft of service in connections, bandwidth and so on. Hence the security service is divided into two parts that is to say the encryption and the authentication/key derivation. WiMAX supports modern cryptographic algorithms.In HSDPA, Users are authorized by their SIM (or R-UIM) cards. HSDPA does not provide any additional security functions. usual of all CDMA standards, data encoding for various users works better than any cryptographic algorithm, but doesnt work if an interrupter somehow gets its channels code (like special agents) or is in a base station. Whereas, in WiMAX the base station is strongly protected from management attacks and as the system is organized strongly a surety based security is easy to deploy and is advisable.BandwidthWhen HSDPA and WiMAX are at same distance from a base station, the gain in HSDPA vs. WiMAX is not clear yet. unitary of the main reasons for this is WiMAX doesnt have many a(prenominal) frequency ranges. But if HSDPA, being an evolutiona l step in the development of WCDMA, is getting close to the threshold of spectral efficiency, while WiMAX has many likely ways of progression such as new modulation schemes (as well combined with the old ones),MIMO(multiple-input-multiple output)and new frequency ranges (ranging from 10GHz to 66GHz).ModulationWith the use of a robust modulation scheme at long ranges with high spectral efficiency WiMAX gives tremendous throughput and also bears multipath fading. WiMAX base station interchanges throughput for range and this is allowed by the ever-changing adaptive modulation. HSDPA supports 16 QAM and QPSK modulation whereas WiMAX supports QPSK, 16 QAM and 64 QAM. This implies that Mobile WiMAX supports higher order modulation than HSDPA. With 64 QAM 6 bits can be carried per symbol and hence higher data rates can be achieved.

Education in Egypt

Education in EgyptEgypt Education SystemThe extension of the free mandatory teaching law in 1981 was one of the reasons to combine the Preparatory St jump on, both Primary and Preparatory phases (Ages 6 through 14) together under the label Basic Education, as didactics beyond this stage depends on the students ability. Egypt operates two corresponding learning arrangings the secular system and the religious, or Al-Azhar system.The secular system consists of basic education which covers the first 8 octet years of schooling. The second level divides students between three-year general academic secondary schools and three or five-year vocational schools, as in that respect ar three polar types of secondary education which are general, skillful, and vocational Technical education. These types of education are provided in three-year and five-year architectural plans, and include schools in three different fields industrial, commercial and agricultural. The troika level is univ ersities.The Al-Azhar system, which maintains separate facilities for male and female from primary to university level, graves 4 percent of the countrys total students, and is responsible for conveying the mission of Islam and revealing its persona to humanitys welfare and progress. In this system, primary school extends over the first 6 years, and preparatory school for the next three years. Students who successfully do it 4 years of secondary school can enroll at Al-Azhar University.2 Al-Azhar University, which is considered to be the bastion of Islamic knowledge in Egypt, was founded in AD 970. in that respect are two kinds of organisation schools in Egypt which are Arabic Schools and Experimental Language Schools. Arabic Schools provide the giving medicational national curriculum in the Arabic Language however, experimental Language Schools teach most of the government curriculum in English, and add French as a second foreign language.Moreover, there are three kinds of clu bby schools. As Government schools, private schools also has different types such as ordinary schools, language schools, and religious schools. First, Ordinary schools consecrate the same way of education of the government schools with more concentration on the students want and services provided to them. Second, language schools have the same educational materials as the government with the excommunication that all those materials are taught in different languages this is beside the high fees those schools requires.The third type of private education is religious that are established or controlled by Muslim Brotherhood. Their educational curriculum is totally unlike the government and Azhar schools. Private schools on Egypt are considered the best education because of high and various facilities offered by those schools. This educational system is supervises by the ministry of educationHowever, the Azhar education system is supervised by the Supreme Council of the Al-Azhar Instit ution and considered to be independent from the Ministry of Education, but is eventually under lapse by the Egyptian Prime Minister. The Azhar schools are named Institutes and also share the same phases as the normal educational system which both include primary, preparatory, and secondary education.The Azhar schools in all phases teach non-religious subjects, to a certain degree however, the majority of the curriculum consists of religious subjects. All the students are Muslims, and males and females are separated in all phases. The Azhar schools are spread all over the country, but excessively in rural areas. The graduates of the Azhar secondary schools are eligible to continue their studies only at the Al-Azhar University. In the primordial 2000s, the Azhar schools accounted for less than 4% of the total enrollment.There are both private and humans universities of higher(pre nominal phrase) education in Egypt. The difference between them is that Public higher education is free in Egypt, and Egyptian students only pay registration fees, but Private education is much more expensive and is considered to b for the elite, as graduates of such schools generally do very well on their final secondary school examinations, which ensures them access to what are considered as elite faculties.Currently 98 percent of graduates from secondary schools enter higher education. The higher education sector in Egypt is comprised of universities and institutions of technical and professional training. The system is made up of 12 public universities, 51public non-university institutions, and 4 private (for profit) universities.In May 2000, there were 18 pending applications to open additional private for profit higher education institutions. Of the 51 non-university institutions, 47 are two-year middle technical institutes (MTI), and 4 are four or five-year higher technical institutes (World Bank, 20001).The major public universities are Cairo University (100,000 students), Al exandria University, personal Shams University, and the 1,000-year-old Al-Azhar University. season the American University in Cairo, the German University in Cairo and the Universit Franaise dgypte is of the leading private universities in Egypt.Entry into the secular university system is based on the results of the Secondary Educational phase. According to the article Egypt, only students attending general academic secondary schools were eligible to matriculate however since 1970 universities have been enrolling some students from vocational schools. The Placement Bureau of the Ministry of Higher Education controls gate, and there is a numerous clauses imposed by the Supreme Council of Universities (SCU) on admission at institutional and raise levels.Al-Azhar University system, unlike other systems, requires certain certificates like a Secondary School Certificate from the Al-Azhar education system and a Certificate of Koran Recitation from a Koran Recitation Institute or hold an Al-Azhar diploma.Non-university education is offered by industrial, commercial, and technical institutes which provide 2-year courses leading to diplomas in accountancy, secretarial work, insurance, computer or wellness sciences and electronics. Technical education schools provide 5-year courses leading to advanced technical education diplomas in commercial, industrial, and agricultural fields.Although the American University in Cairo (AUC) has existed since 1919 as a private university, Egypt only legalized Egyptian private universities in 1992 when the Peoples Assembly passed a Law 101 allowing the establishment of private universities. The most essential status is that the Minister for Education must approve the appointment of private university, as presidents, and non-Egyptians cannot occupy leading positions in private universities without the ministrys approval.The second vital prospect is that the Supreme Council of Universities indirectly supervises private universitie s and is responsible for monitoring standards to ensure that graduation certificates from land and private universities represent an equal education level compared with the governmental certificates. In May 2002, the private universities committee was replaced with the private universities council. The council has the same powers as the Supreme Council of Universities, which regulates public universities.Many People assume that private higher education institutions in Egypt are s institutions that sell degrees to those who can afford the university expanses. Critics of private higher education in Egypt also argue that private higher education is at odds with the principles of the 1952 Revolution, which called for equal access to educational opportunities for all citizens.Egypt is considered the country that has the largest higher education systems in the third world as it contains about 1.670 million students. Egypt relies in its education on two-year technical institutes to contin ue providing access to all secondary school graduates while protecting the already overfed universities. Technical institutes enroll 40 percent of all secondary school graduates.This lack of financial, human, and material resources results in poor quality education in most universities and is considered by more people as non academic institution. The recite of higher education students per 100,000 inhabitants is 1,900 in Egypt compared to 1,132 in Morocco 1,236 in Algeria and 1,253 in Tunisia. Studies on the social class and educational backgrounds of state university students have revealed inequalities of access to what are considered as high status/elite faculties.To improve the educational system in Egypt governance and control of higher education should be obtained by the Ministry of Higher Education, the Supreme Council of Universities (SCU), and the Central Administration of Al-Azhar Institutes.The Ministry of Higher Education has a legal authority over higher education by s upervising and controlling the education, planning, policy making, and quality control on primary and preparatory schools and training for basic education for teachers.The Supreme Council of Universities formulates is the one responsible for policy making and deciding or controlling the number of students to be admitted to each faculty in each university.Moreover, supervision and administration of the Al-Azhar higher education system is the responsibility of the Central Administration of Al-Azhar Institutes, which is a department of the Supreme Council of Al-Azhar that is responsible for the development of the general policy and planning to enable the spread of Islamic gloss and Arabic language.In official discourse, education in Egypt is free from basic to higher education. While officially the state is responsible for financing higher education in Egypt, the states share of higher education finance for universities was reduced to 85 percent in 1994-1995, leaving the universities to generate the remaining 15 percent through various revenue diversification strategies.Sanyal (199816), and the World Bank (200040-41) identify the following revenue diversification strategies adopted by Egyptian universities(a) Charging nominal tuition fees for alternative academic programs that are perceived to be of high quality and introducing other relevant fees. For example, state universities have introduced foreign language programs for which they care tuition. Some public universities charge E1,000 as tuition for a degree program in Commerce which uses English as a medium of instruction. The number of applicants in some degree programs in public universities exceeds available spaces, a phenomenon which gives room for universities to charge tuition. While the tuition charged in this case is settle down only about 33 percent of the actual cost of the program, this arrangement sets a precedent towards cost recovery in public institutions (World Bank, 200240).Also, in youn g years, a new system of admission to the faculties of Law, Commerce, and Arts allows a less qualified student to obtain a place on paying an admission fee of E 360 (Sanyal, op cit). The impact of this practice on the quality has been negative as manifested by a high number of repeating students in universities.Egyptian students pay between E30-E150 per year as a token tuition fee in government funded universities. In addition, they also pay necessary equipment, books, transportation, and sign fees. The practice of charging token tuition fees in Egyptian public universities goes as far back as 1924 when the Egyptian University (now Cairo University) started charging E30 per year for all faculties with the exception of the pharmacology department that charged E20 per year. This university also imposed a non-refundable examination fee of E1.16 Tuition fee in private universities range fromE15,000-25,000. The American University in Cairo-the oldest private university in Egypt, charges a tuition fee of US$ 2,813 for 6 sources and US$ 469 for each additional credit.(b) Income generation by specialized university centers from(1) Cooperation with fabrication(2) Patent rights(3) Provision of continuing education to industrial employees(4) Access to laboratory and scientific equipment(5) Manufacturing intermediate industrial productsIn addition, In 1998, the International Finance federation (IFC) conducted an extensive feasibility study on the market for student lends in post-secondary education in Egypt. This study recommended against launching a student loan program due to the following reasons (a) limited market size (b) underdeveloped debt/credit market (c) cultural attitude uncomfortable with personal debt and loans and (d) lack of a consumer credit agency(World Bank, 2000 op cit 41).As a result of the above recommendations, the Egyptian Government by 2000 was planning to establish a E100 million-loan program for needy university students. Under this proposed loan scheme, students who can prove that they are in need of financial assistance for education-related expenses will be eligible to receive up to E1000 per year in government loans. The loans are to be interest free and repayment will be spread out over a period of 40 years afterwards graduation.Problems and challenges in Egyptian higher education system are analyzed in the World Banks Higher Education Enhancement Project, which is a part of a comprehensive reform strategy for higher education in Egypt. The higher education reform agenda was influenced by the National convention on Higher Education, held in February 2000, and aims to address Egypts need to upgrade educational quality in the university sector.Egyptian higher education sector faces a number of challenges including (i) antiquated system-wide governance and management (ii) low quality and relevance at the university level (iii) low quality and relevance at the middle technical level and (iv) limited fiscal sustainab ility of publicly financed enrollments (World Bank, 20001).The problem of financially weak enrollments is related to the dramatic increase in enrollments in university education. For example, enrollments increased by 42 percent between 1997/98 and 1998/99 leading to an 8 percent decline in per -student spending that exacerbated disparities in resource allocation between faculties (World Bank,200241).While the overall expenditure on education as a proportion of GDP has grown from 3.9 percent in 1991 to 5.9 percent in 1998 with higher education receiving a 28 percent share of total expenditure in 1998, the dramatic growth of the higher education student population in Egypt creats a serious problem in financing higher education. Given the high population growth in higher education, to simply maintain the share of 18-22 age group at its present 20 percent level (this is an official policy) would require on average an additional 60,000 new enrollments in higher education for the next ten years (WorldBank, 20002). The government has no financial ability to do this.

Schizophrenia Essay -- essays research papers

SchizophreniaChild schizophrenia, like other psychopathologies has many documented, andseveral uncertain causes. Some scientists have evidence that large(predicate) mothershave experienced an immune reaction that present dangers to the unhatched child.Schizophrenia is a disorder where the body=s immune system attacks itself.Schizophrenia is not present at birth but develops during the adolescence periodor young adulthood. ASchizophrenia is a biological brain disease affectingthinking, perception, mood, and behaviour. Its exact cause is unnoticeable butoverwhelming evidence points to faulty chemistry or structural abnormalities inthe brain. In some cases schizophrenia is generic. Schizophrenia strikes onein speed of light people at some point in his/her lifetime. (Compiled by Ontario Friendsof Schizophrenia, Oct 94).Schizophrenia worsens and becomes better in cycles, also cognize as relapses andremission. People who are torture from schizophrenia look relatively normal.Schizop hrenics suffer from such signals as delusions, hallucinations, andthought disorders. Delusions are false beliefs that aren=t based on reality.Schizophrenics may believe that mortal is following them, or planning to harmthem. Schizophrenics believe that others can hear their thoughts , also knownas Abroadcasting and even change them. A...hear their thoughts, insertthoughts into their minds, or germization their feelings, actions or impulses.Patients might think they are Jesus, Napoleon, or Franklin D. Roosevelt.(American Psychiatric Association Annual 90 page 1)Pregnant women who experience an immune reaction that presents danger to theirunborn children, this reaction raises sharply the rates of schizophrenia in theunborn child. Severe malnutrition in the early months of the fetal developmentmay contribute to schizophrenia. It is also known that schizophrenia runs infamilies. AThe probablitilty of developing schizophrenia as the off spring ofone parent with the disease is approxi mately 13%. The probability of developingschizophrenia as the off spring of both parents with the disease isapproximately 35%. (Pamphlet by American Psychiatric Association Annual 90page 7)Hallucinations another symptom which schizophrenic patients suffer from.Hallucinations may be seen or heard. The most common hallucination are thoseheard by the schizophrenic. The schizophrenic may hear v... ...sorder. (Pamphlet by National league for the Mentally Ill June 90 page 1)Since the funding is increasingly being cut so is the research for schizophrenia,leaving many unanswered questions. As Child and Youth Workers we need toprovide support to parents and childern with this illness, we ourselves need tohave a better understanding of schizophrenia.m The most important message forus to press out is Ayou are not alone.Referencesa. More than devil authors Pamphlets Compiled by Ontario Friends ofSchizophrenics. (1994). The Facts, Schizophrenia Compassion ThroughUnderstanding, Risk of Suicide b. More than two authors Pamphlet by Natonal Alliance for the Mentally Ill.(1990). Schizophreniac. One author Bower, B. (1996). New culprits cited for schizophrenia.Science News, vol. 149, 68.D. More than two authors Pamphlet by American Psychiatric Association Annual.(1990). Schizophrenia, 1-10e. More than two authors Pamphlet byNational Institute of Mental Heath Annual.(1990). You are not alone Facts about mental health and mental illness, 1-9f. One author Dauphinais, D. (1992). Pamphlet Medicatons for the treatment ofschizophrenia questions and answers, 1-4

The Joys of Planning a Wedding Essay -- Wedding Planners Marriage Essa

The Joys of Planning a Wedding The verdict is in - I will only cop married once. Ive al charges felt that in my heart, but the experience of planning my wedding removed any doubts that I may have had. The carry through of planning a wedding is so extensive and involved that once the process has started, there is no turning back. You will be completely enwrapped in the ins and outs of the entire day from that point forward. While the main focal point should be the actual ceremony uniting the man and woman, that is rarely the case. thither are so many details to work out from the color scheme to the reception menu that you have no option but to gentle completely focused. Anyone that has been involved in planning a wedding before will tell you that once you get the big four out of the way youre almost home free. The big four in the wedding planning world are deciding where the ceremony will be held, choosing a reception venue, deciding which dresses will be worn, and planning th e honeymoon. Deciding where the ceremony will be held is one of the offset printing things you need to do when planning a wedding. You need to decide first and foremost whether or not you want a church wedding. If you are a member of a particular church, your first instinct will be to hold the wedding at your church. You have to be certain that the church will be able to accommodate the fall of guests youll be inviting to attend. Does the church have any specific rules against music or decorations? You do...